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(or Albert) Antipope, died 1102. An Italian, he was encouraged to succeed the anti-pope Theodoric by Emperor Henry IV. After a mock election at Saint Peter’s, 1102, he was dragged to the Lateran to the lawful pope, Paschal II, who imprisoned him and then sent him to Saint Lawrence’s monastery at Aversa, where he died.
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More properly, an antipope from 351 to 358. Born in Rome, Italy; died in Porto, Italy, in 365. An archdeacon, he was consecrated by the heretical Acacius of Caesarea, when the legitimate pontiff, Liberius, was banished by the Emperor Constantius, an Arian. He was finally deposed by an order of the Roman Senate and the people. Many historians consider his election uncanonical.
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Imperial chancellor for Italy from 1057 to 1063; he helped secure the election of the anti-pope Pietro Cadalous, and accepted the Archbishopric of Ravenna, Italy to which he had been nominated by Emperor Henry IV. Disliking the reforming policy of Pope Gregory VII, he joined the opposition party and was suspended in 1075 when he violated his oath to attend the Lenten Synod. The following year he was excommunicated because he sided with the German bishops and declared Gregory deposed. Henry IV secured Guibert’s nomination in 1080, and installed him in Saint Peter’s in 1084. He was soon forced to leave Rome but returned at intervals and exiled the legitimate pontiffs Victor III and Urban II. His attempt to expel Pope Paschal II failed, and Guibert died on the way to Ravenna.
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Anti-pope from 12 May 1328 to 25 July 1330. When Emperor Louis the Bavarian came to Rome seeking to uphold the theory that the Emperor and the Church at large were superior to the pope, he placed in the See, in opposition to Pope John XXII, Rainalducci, the Franciscan Spiritual. This anti-pope, supported also by the Ghibellines, appointed six cardinals and undertook to govern the Church. When Louis left Rome the Rainalducci’s followers abandoned him. He submitted to John at Avignon, and accepted confinement there until his death.
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Anti-pope from 1164 to 1168. He was elected at Lucca, by the schismatic cardinals, in opposition to Pope Alexander III and as successor to the anti-pope Octavian. He was established at Viterbo and successfully prevented the legitimate pontiff from reaching Rome. Frederick Barbarossa supported his claims, installed him in Saint Peter’s, and forced him to canonize Charlemagne. The Church never ratified this act, and the Third Lateran Council in 1179 annulled all his ordinances.
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Abbot of Struma. In opposition to Pope Alexander III, in 1168 Giovanni was elected at Viterbo, Italy to succeed anti-pope Guido of Crema. Threatened by the people of Viterbo, he fled to Albano, Italy where he was attacked by the troops of Archbishop Christian de Buch. From Albano, in 1178 he fled to Tusculum where he prostrated himself before Pope Alexander on 29 August; the pope forgave him and later appointed him governor of Benevento, Italy.
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While papal legate to Germany he gained the reputation of being rapacious and overly ambitious. Upon the death of Pope Adrian IV he sought in vain to have himself elected, and at the imposition of Pope Alexander III he seized the papal mantle and rushed out to his followers claiming to be the new pope. Anti-pope from 1159 to 1164. The Frangipani and the friends of Frederick Barbarossa secured Rome for him but popular discontent forced him to flee. Barbarossa, dreading excommunication by the lawful pope, summoned a Council at Pavia, Italy in 1160 to settle the two claims but in reality to install Octavius. The legates refused to support the anti-pope, who died soon after.
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Antipope from 251 to c.258. His early life is known to us principally through the letters of Pope Cornelius to Fabius of Antioch. While a catechumen he was thought to be possessed and was consequently exorcised. Because of a serious illness he was baptized by affusion, but was not confirmed, which made him irregular for ordination. In spite of opposition he was ordained by Pope Fabian in 250, and subsequently appointed to a prominent position in Rome. He hoped to be elected as successor of Fabian who was martyred in 251. Cornelius was chosen, and Novatian caused himself to be elected by three rural Italian bishops. The Council of Carthage in 251 supported the claims of Cornelius who at once excommunicated Novatian. He set up a schismatical church, appointed himself as head of the sect, and had a large number of adherents who enlarged the scope of his heresy. The sect was still flourishing in the Orient in the 5th century. Though Saint Jerome mentions a number of writings of Novatian, only two have come down to us, De Cibis Judaicis and De Trinitate. That Novatian died a martyr‘s death during the persecution of Valerian is doubtful.
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![[Pedro de Luna]](http://saints.sqpn.com/wp-content/gallery/new-catholic-dictionary/pedro-de-luna-01.jpg "Pedro de Luna")
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Anti-pope from 1394 to 1417. A cardinal-deacon, he assisted at the election of Pope Urban VI, but later joined the French cardinals when they elected the anti-pope Robert of Geneva (Clement VII), falsely claiming that Urban‘s election had been secured under pressure from the Roman people. The anti-pope sent Pedro as legate to the kingdoms of Castile, Aragon, Navarre, and Portugal, and later to France, Scotland, Belgium, England, and Ireland, in order to gain favour for the Avignon party. When Robert died, Pedro de Luna became a priest, was consecrated bishop, and elected pope by the Avignon faction in 1394. In 1407, he and Pope Gregory XII decided to meet at Savona, Italy and settle the schism, but the latter failed to put in an appearance. The kingdoms now began to turn against the anti-pope, who, backed by Scotland, Aragon, Castile, and Sicily, refused to accept the sentence of deposition from the Council of Pisa in 1409, insisting that a council was not superior to a pope. The council made matters worse by electing another anti-pope, Pietro Philarghi (Alexander V), on whose death in the following year they elected Baldassare Cossa (John XXIII). The latter, forced by Sigismund, King of the Romans, convened the Council of Constance. The council met, received the submission of Cossa and the abdication by proxy of Gregory XII, but Pedro de Luna fled to Spain, still asserting his claim to the see. His action proved him a schismatic, and the Council deposed him in 1417, but he died unsubmissive. At the time of the schism, half of Europe believed Pedro de Luna to be the legitimate pontiff, and his claims were vigorously supported by Saint Vincent Ferrer.
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