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Short linen vestment, square or oblong in shape, worn beneath the alb to cover the shoulders of the priest while celebrating Mass. When putting it on he touches the head with it, saying: “Put on my head, O Lord, the helmet of salvation, in order to repel the assaults of the devil.”
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The expression might perhaps be better rendered “loaves set forth”; it is also found under the forms “holy” or “hallowed bread,” or “bread of the presence” (1 Kings 21), “continual bread” (Numbers 4: Hebrew version). It refers to twelve loaves of unleavened bread, made each of two-tenths of an epha (four-fifths of a peck) of the finest flour, set in two piles (Leviticus 24) upon an altar-like table placed along the north wall of the holy place (3 Kings 7). Early in post-exilic times their preparation was the office of the sons of Caath, one of the Levitical guilds (1 Par., 9). Every sabbath fresh loaves were brought in (Leviticus 24), half of the stale loaves being given to the outgoing, and the other half to the incoming order of priests, who ate them within the sacred precincts (according to the Talmud). This institution, admirably suited to an agricultural community, was obviously intended as a perpetual expression of the gratitude of the people to God for the produce of the earth.
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An act of the will, tending efficaciously to some good, proposed by the intellect as desirable and attainable. It differs from simple willing of the end, which is to desire an end without being concerned about the means. In making the act of intention the will turns to the end as to the completion of its movement; and since in willing the end efficaciously, it necessarily also wills the means, it follows that the intention of the end and the willing of the means, constitute one and the same act. The reason of this is easy to understand. The means is to the end as the intermediate stage to the completion, e.g., to-will-a-remedy-with-a-view-to-health is to accomplish a single act of will. The intention is actual, virtual, habitual, or interpretative. It is actual when one tends efficaciously to an end with the express advertence of the intellect. It is virtual, when through the residual force of an intention which was once actual with regard to an end, means to that end are chosen and willed. The intention has ceased to be actual, but it leaves behind it a virtue or force. In the virtual intention a chain of representations and dictates is forged, one leading to another, and thus preserving the force of the original actual intention. The intention is habitual, when in the agent is found a disposition to an end, which nevertheless does not influence the act. This happens when the agent previously intended an end and never retracted the intention; but the act he now performs is not elicited in virtue of that intention. The intention is interpretative, when a person does not actually will a certain end, but it is presumed that he would will it, if he adverted to the matter. The intention is the chief among the determinants of the concrete morality of a human act. Hence, an act which is otherwise good, is vitiated, when one’s intention or motive is bad, if the bad intention be the exclusive reason for performing the act. An end which is only venially bad, and which at the same time does not furnish the complete reason for acting, qualifies the act which in other respects was irreproachable, as partly good and partly bad. A good intention can never hallow an action, the content of which is bad. Thus for one to steal in order to assist the poor, is not lawful. The end in view or the intention does not justify the use of bad means.
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![[brief]](http://saints.sqpn.com/ncd01440.gif "5kb gif New Catholic Dictionary illustration for 'brief'")
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A compendious papal letter lacking some of the solemnity and formality of a Bull, bearing the device or seal of the fisherman’s ring.
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Arched recess used as a burial-place in the catacombs, especially in Rome in the 3rd century. Mass was often celebrated on the marble slab placed horizontally over the opening. It was sometimes decorated with symbolic frescos in the vault of the arch and in the lunette.
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