Son of the Duke of Poli.
Papal nuncio at Lucerne and Lisbon.
Cardinal-priest.
Bishop of Osimo.
Bishop of Viterbo.
Pope.
Regulated clerical abuses in Spain.
Subsidized Venice in their conflicts with the Turks.
Decided against the Jesuits in the Chinese Rites controversy.
Continued the pension bestowed by his predecessor on the Stuart Pretender.